AP PHOTOS: 50 years ago, Chile's army ousted a president and everything changed

By The Associated Press

Fifty years ago, Chile began the darkest period in its modern history.

On Sept. 11, 1973, Gen. Augusto Pinochet led a military coup that included the bombing of La Moneda, the presidential palace in the capital of Santiago, where President Salvador Allende had taken refuge.

FILE - Soldiers and firefighters carry the body of Chilean President Salvador Allende, wrapped in a Bolivian poncho, out of La Moneda presidential palace after it was bombed during a coup by Gen. Augusto Pinochet in Santiago, Chile, Sept. 11, 1973. (AP Photo/El Mercurio, File)

Allende, a socialist who had won the presidency in 1970, died by suicide during the assault that ended his three-year administration, which was marked by economic turmoil and conflict with Washington over fears he would install a communist government.

The Associated Press registered in images what happened after the coup.

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People light candles with the names of the detainees who were disappeared and executed during the military dictatorship led by Gen. Augusto Pinochet, at the National Stadium, which served as a detention center in the early years of the regime, during the event marking the 50th anniversary of the 1973 military coup that toppled the government of late President Salvador Allende, in Santiago, Chile, Monday, Sept. 11, 2023. (AP Photo/Esteban Felix)

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The relative of a person who was executed during Chile's dictatorship places a flower on the east side door of La Moneda presidential palace, through which the body of President Salvador Allende was carried by soldiers and firefighters 50 years ago after the military coup that toppled his government in Santiago, Chile, Monday, Sept. 11, 2023. (AP Photo/Esteban Felix)

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Gen. Augusto Pinochet exits his home, surrounded by security guards in Santiago, Chile, Sept. 7, 1986, the day after he survived an assassination attempt by the guerrilla group, Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

A junta, led by Pinochet, proceeded to pursue free-market reforms that included privatization of state companies, and it severely limited political freedoms and repressed opposition to the military government. Street protests were brutally broken up, and opponents were sent to detention centers where they were tortured. Thousands were killed and disappeared.

At least 200,000 Chileans went into exile.

Ivonne Saz, 75, José Adán Illesca, 74, and Sergio Naranjo, 69, were expelled from their homeland after enduring months-long detentions as members of Chile’s Revolutionary Left Movement, a guerrilla group that no longer exists.

Chilean exile Sergio Naranjo shows his old, Chilean passport marked with the Spanish instruction: "Only valid to leave the country" in Mexico City, Thursday, Aug. 3, 2023. Naranjo, 69, was a member of Chile's Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) and became a political exile on May 17, 1975 when he left a detention center and was expelled from Chile, landing in Mexico, following the military coup by Gen. Augusto Pinochet that ousted and killed Salvador Allende on Sept. 11, 1973. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte) — Chilean exile Sergio Naranjo shows his old, Chilean passport marked with the Spanish instruction: “Only valid to leave the country” in Mexico City, Thursday, Aug. 3, 2023. Naranjo, 69, was a member of Chile’s Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) and became a political exile on May 17, 1975 when he left a detention center and was expelled from Chile, landing in Mexico, following the military coup by Gen. Augusto Pinochet that ousted and killed Salvador Allende on Sept. 11, 1973. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

All three went to Mexico, where they began a new life and where they continue to live. Being exiles had made them question who they were.

“This idea of exile, you feel devastated, you feel like your identity is being stolen,” Naranjo recalled. “It’s a loss of your identity.”

CORRECTS SPELLING OF LAST NAME AND PARTY AFFILIATION - Chilean exile Ivonne Szasz poses for a portrait in Mexico City, Tuesday, Aug. 8, 2023. Saz, 75, was a member of Chile's Socialist party and became a political exile in 1975 when she left a detention center and was expelled from Chile, landing in Mexico, following the military coup by Gen. Augusto Pinochet that ousted and killed Salvador Allende on Sept. 11, 1973. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte) — CORRECTS SPELLING OF LAST NAME AND PARTY AFFILIATION - Chilean exile Ivonne Szasz poses for a portrait in Mexico City, Tuesday, Aug. 8, 2023. Saz, 75, was a member of Chile’s Socialist party and became a political exile in 1975 when she left a detention center and was expelled from Chile, landing in Mexico, following the military coup by Gen. Augusto Pinochet that ousted and killed Salvador Allende on Sept. 11, 1973. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

Chilean exile José Adán Illesca poses for a portrait in Mexico City, Tuesday, Aug. 1, 2023. Illesca, 74, was a member of Chile's Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) and became a political exile in 1975 when he left a concentration camp and was expelled from Chile, landing in Mexico, following the military coup by Gen. Augusto Pinochet that ousted and killed Salvador Allende on Sept. 11, 1973. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte) — Chilean exile José Adán Illesca poses for a portrait in Mexico City, Tuesday, Aug. 1, 2023. Illesca, 74, was a member of Chile’s Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) and became a political exile in 1975 when he left a concentration camp and was expelled from Chile, landing in Mexico, following the military coup by Gen. Augusto Pinochet that ousted and killed Salvador Allende on Sept. 11, 1973. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

During the dictatorship, relatives of the disappeared took to the streets holding photos of missing loved ones and demanding answers. Late last month, leftist President Gabriel Boric unveiled what will effectively be the first state-sponsored plan to try to locate the approximately 1,162 dictatorship victims still unaccounted for.

Water with tear gas mixed in is fired by police at protesters from the Movement Against the Torture of Sebastián Acevedo outside El Mercurio newspaper in downtown Santiago, Chile, Nov. 24, 1983. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

As the years went by, opposition to the junta grew and numerous unsuccessful assassination attempts targeted Pinochet. In 1988, Chileans voted against extending his presidency and he stepped down in 1990. After that, Allende’s remains were taken from an unmarked grave and given a dignified burial.

The open casket of late military ruler Gen. Augusto Pinochet is on display during his wake at the Military School in Santiago, Chile, Dec. 11, 2006. Pinochet, who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990 after a military coup, died from heart complications at the age of 91. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

Pinochet remained the army’s commander in chief until 1998 and later became a lifelong senator, a position he created for himself. He resigned that post in 2002 and died in 2006 without ever facing trial, although he was detained for 17 months in London on the order of a Spanish judge. He did not receive a state funeral.

People march along Matta Avenue to protest the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet in Santiago, Chile, Nov. 1982. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

Women protest holding photos of relatives who have been arrested and are missing, in the main plaza of Santiago, Chile, in 1983. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

Army soldiers detain journalists during a peace demonstration along the Alameda avenue in downtown Santiago, Chile, May 20, 1986. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

A woman's son lays on the ground crying after his father was arrested as soldiers carry out a military operation in the San Miguel area of Santiago, Chile, May 1986. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte) — A woman’s son lays on the ground crying after his father was arrested as soldiers carry out a military operation in the San Miguel area of Santiago, Chile, May 1986. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

A protester aims a sling shot at police in Santiago, Chile, Sept. 1989. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

The body of ousted Chilean President Salvador Allende is transported to the General Pantheon along the main Alameda avenue in Santiago, Chile, Sept. 4, 1990, for presidential honors and reburial. Allende's remains were previously in an unmarked grave in Viña del Mar after 17 years. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte) — The body of ousted Chilean President Salvador Allende is transported to the General Pantheon along the main Alameda avenue in Santiago, Chile, Sept. 4, 1990, for presidential honors and reburial. Allende’s remains were previously in an unmarked grave in Viña del Mar after 17 years. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)

AP PHOTOS: 50 years ago, Chile’s army ousted a president and everything changed